# Thymulin References: The Cited Literature

> Thymulin references: the full cited literature behind this digest, with DOIs and PubMed links — Dardenne 1982, Prasad 1988, Kanaan 2002, Safieh-Garabedian, Reggiani, da Silva 2020.

Every figure on this site ties to one of these. Peer-reviewed sources with DOIs and PubMed links — the zinc-coinage paper, the human zinc-deficiency study, the dose ladder, the PAT-analog series, and the gene-therapy work.

## The Cited Literature

The thymulin references below are the complete source list for this digest. Each entry carries a DOI or PubMed identifier for verification. The set anchors on the foundational work: the 1982 Dardenne paper that proved zinc dependence and coined the name [1], the Prasad 1988 human zinc-deficiency study [3], the Kanaan 2002 dose-dependent anti-hyperalgesia ladder [8], the Safieh-Garabedian PAT-analog series [9][11][12][10], the Reggiani thymus-neuroendocrine reviews [4][5], and the da Silva 2020 inhaled gene-therapy result [7]. Use the [thymulin FAQ](/faq) for direct answers and [thymulin research findings](/research) for the synthesis.

## References

[1] Dardenne M, Pléau JM, Nabarra B, Lefrancier P, Derrien M, Choay J, Bach JF. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(17):5370-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6957870/
[2] Dardenne M, Pleau JM. Interactions between zinc and thymulin. Met Based Drugs. 1994;1(2-3):233-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18476235/
[3] Prasad AS, Meftah S, Abdallah J, Kaplan J, Brewer GJ, Bach JF, Dardenne M. Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1202-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3262625/
[4] Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Cónsole GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, Bellini MJ, Pléau JM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1153:98-106. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19236333/
[5] Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24588820/
[6] Novoselova EG, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Lunin SM, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Fesenko EE. Anti-inflammatory effects of IKK inhibitor XII, thymulin, and fat-soluble antioxidants in LPS-treated mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:724838. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25045213/
[7] da Silva AL, de Oliveira GP, Kim N, Cruz FF, Kitoko JZ, Blanco NG, Martini SV, Hanes J, Rocco PRM, Suk JS, Morales MM. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology of experimental allergic asthma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(24):eaay7973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32577505/
[8] Kanaan SA, Safieh-Garabedian B, Karam M, Khansa H, Jabbur SJ, Jurjus AR, Saade NE. Thymulin reduces the hyperalgesia and cytokine upregulation induced by cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2002;16(4):450-60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12096890/
[9] Safieh-Garabedian B, Dardenne M, Pléau JM, Saadé NE. Potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of a novel thymulin-related peptide in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 2002;136(6):947-55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12110619/
[10] Safieh-Garabedian B, Nomikos M, Saadé N. Targeting inflammatory components in neuropathic pain: The analgesic effect of thymulin related peptide. Neurosci Lett. 2019;702:61-65. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30503917/
[11] Safieh-Garabedian B, Mayasi Y, Saadé NE. Targeting neuroinflammation for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative pathologies: a role for the peptide analogue of thymulin (PAT). Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2012;16(11):1065-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22861065/
[12] Safieh-Garabedian B, Jabbur SJ, Dardenne M, Saadé NE. Thymulin related peptide attenuates inflammation in the brain induced by intracerebroventricular endotoxin injection. Neuropharmacology. 2011;60(2-3):496-504. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059360/
[13] Kobayashi H, Abe H, Ueyama T, Awaya A, Shikita M. Radioprotective effects of serum thymic factor in mice. Radiat Res. 1992;129(3):351-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1542723/
[14] Wise T, Ford JJ. Effects of the thymic peptide thymulin on in vitro and in vivo testicular steroid concentrations in white composite and Meishan boars. J Anim Sci. 1999;77(8):2240-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10462005/
[15] Amor B, Dougados M, Mery C, Dardenne M, Bach JF. Nonathymulin in rheumatoid arthritis: two double blind, placebo controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 1987;46(7):549-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3310925/
[16] Thymulin Direct editorial synthesis of the cited literature — disambiguation of thymulin from thymosin alpha-1 and thymalin, the zinc-entanglement of reported effects, the use of the synthetic analog nonathymulin in human trials, and the absence of FDA approval and modern human efficacy data. See references 1-15 for primary sources. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=thymulin

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A numbers-first reading of the thymulin record — every figure pinned to its study, the 1:1 zinc-bound active form kept distinct from the inactive apopeptide and from thymosin alpha-1, and the empty human-dose and human-PK lines left openly unfilled; no clinic behind the poster and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.